The malfunctioning of kidney results in changes of the composition of urine .some times the components like ketone bodies, glucose, albumin, blood cells, pus cells, kidney stones are present in urine. These abnormalities are known by different names.

Uremia – uremia is situation , which is characterized by excess urea in urine. The urea level in urine rises abnormally . this is due to the failure of active re absorption of urea.

Albuminuria – this is a condition in which presence of albumin in urine. This is due to the failure of albumin reabsorption by the membranes. This situation is also known by name nephritis.

Hematuria-it is a situation of presence of blood cells like RBC in urine. The is occurs due to the failure of membranes to reabsorbe blood cells.

Proteinuria – it is due to the presence of excess protein level in urine.

Glycosuria- it is a situation due to the presence of glucose in urine.  It is known by name diabetes mellitus.

Ketonuria – the presence of ketone bodies in urine is abnormally high , then ketonuria is occurs.

Hemoglobinuria- it is due to the presence of haemoglobin in urine.