Fundus flourescein angiography (FFA) is a valuable
tool in the diagnosis and management of a large number of fundus disorders.
Basically, FFA gives information by allowing the examiner to study the changes, produced by various fundus disorders, in the flow of fluorescein dye along the vasculature of the retina and choroid. Indications. It is indicated in many disorders of ocular fundus, viz., (1) Diabetic retinopathy (2) Vascu-lar occlusions; (3) Eales’ disease. (4) Central serous retinopathy, (5) Cystoid macular oedema.
Technique.
The technique of FFA comprises of rapidly injecting 5 ml of 10 per cent solution of sterile sodium fluorescein dye in the antecubital vein and taking serial photographs (with fundus camera) of the fundus of the patient who is seated with pupils fully dilated. The fundus camera has a mechanism to use blue light (420-490 nm wavelength) for exciting the fluorescein present in blood vessels and to use yellow-green filter for receiving the fluorescent light (510-530 nm wavelength) back for photography.
The first photograph is taken after 5 seconds, then every second for next 20 seconds and every 3-5 seconds for next one minute. The last pictures are taken after 10 minutes.
Complications. FFA is comparatively a safe procedure. Minor side effects include : discoloration of skin and urine, mild nausea and rarely vomiting. Anaphylaxis or cardiorespiratory problems are extremly rare. However, a syringe filled with dexamethasone and antihistaminic drug along with other measures should be kept ready to deal with such catastrophy.
Phase of angiogram. Normal angiogram consists of following overlapping phases:
1. Pre-arterial phase. Since the dye reaches the choroidal circulation 1 second earlier than the retinal arteries, therefore in this stage choroidal circulation is filling, without any dye in retinal arteries.
2. Arterial phase. It starts 1 second after prearterial phase and lasts until the retinal arterioles are completely filled.
involves the complete filling of retinal arterioles and capillaries with a laminar flow along the retinal veins
4. Venous phase. In this phase veins are filling and arterioles are emptying. This phase can be subdivided into early, mid, and late venous phase.
Abnormalities detected by FFA. In the blood fluorescein is readily bound to the albumin. Normally the dye remains confined to the intravascular space due to the barriers formed by the tight junctions between the endothelial cells of retinal capillaries (in-ler blood-retinal barrier) and that between the pig-nent epithelial cells (outer blood retinal barrier).
In diseased states abnormalities in the form of lyperfluorescence and hypofluorescence may be letected on FFA. !. Hyperfluorescence. The causes are :
a) A window defect in RPE due to atrophy shows background choroidal fluorescence.
b) Pooling of dye under detached RPE.
c) Pooling of dye under sensory retina after breakdown of the outer blood-retinal barrier as
occurs in central serous retinopathy (CSR).
i) Leakage of dye into the neurosensory retina due to a breakdown in inner blood-retinal barrier e.g. as seen in cystoid macular edema (CME).
e) Leakage of dye from the choroidal or retinal neovascularization e.g. as seen in cases of proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and subretinal neovascular membrane in age-related macular degeneration.
(f) Staining i.e. long retention of dye by some tissues e.g. as seen in the presence of drusen.
(g) Leakage of dye from optic nerve head as seen in papilledema.
2. Hypofluorescence. The causes are:
(a) Blockage of background fluorescence due to abnormal deposits on retina e.g. as seen due to the presence of retinal haemorrhage, hard exudates and pigmented clumps.
(b) Occlusion of retinal or choroidal vasculature, e.g. as seen in central retinal artery occlusion and occlusion of capillaries in diabetic retinopathy.
(c) Loss of vasculature as occurs in patients with choroideremia and myopic degeneration.
- daily wash your face more than twice
- apply olive oil on your eyes during night
- include vitamin E in your diet
- use rose water to clean your face , you will get a glowing eyes
- for eye relaxation put a piece of cucumber on your eyes
- apply custor oil on your eye brow before going to sleep
- to get an elongated eye lashes apply castor oil before sleeping
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to avoid wrinkles massage with honey around your eyes
by applying potato mixture you can reduce the dark cycle on your eyes
by applying cold teabags on your eyes, you can reduce dark circles
- by putting a piece of cucumber on your eyes, you can avoid black ring
- to remove dark circles place cotton wool after dipping it in a cold milk
- to improve your eye brightness apply sandal paste around eyes
- mixture of lemon and potato apply around your eyes, wash it after 30 minutes
- by massaging with coconut oil you can reduce dark circles
- by washing face with salt water(in small quantity) you can prevent the eye infections
Some doctors suggest wearing spectacles for headache,whats the real target behind that?Fact is that headache is related to eyestrain.Simple eye exercises like moving eyes up and down then side to side head rotation forward and backward(Neck outstretched) and then three times clockwise and anti clockwise and get rid of your eyestrain and thereby your headache.Its a fact that massaging can help you a lot to relieve your eyestrain or headache,Just massage your neck slowly bringing the shoulders together and then releasing,do this a few times to get your eyes cool and truly it helps a lot!
Is Headache symptom of Hypertension?
Sometimes headache can be a symptom of hypertension,High Blood Pressure can be one reason for this severe headache starting once you wake up in the morning.Calf-Level immersion of legs in hot water for 15 minutes is a safer method of treatment as this process draws blood away from head to feet which in turn reduces your headache.Yoga can also help you a lot ,different kinds of ASANAMS and other yogic methods can get rid of your blood pressure or Hypertension and ultimately your head ache.Pranayama is a yogic practice which helps you a lot to relieve your blood pressure.The other signs which comes long with Hypertension HeadAche are palpitation, irregular heartbeats, nervousness, fatigue, retinal hemorrhage etc.
And above all mental health is very much important in this case,If you think you are ill all the time it will only do harm to you a well conditioned mind helps you lots to relieve your headache.
Dont worry,The dark spots below or around eyes can be removed using the below tip
You can sleep away dark circles and undereye bags
Heredity-rather than too little sleep-is the real culprit of dark circles and undereye bags.The undereye ‘circle’ is caused by blood vessels under skin while undereye bags are actually small pouches of fat just under the skin.The skin in the eye area is the thinnest on the body;sometimes these veins show through,especially as me ages and as one’s skin becomes even thinner through the breakdown of elastin tissue.Undereye circles can also be symptoms of allergies that cause blood vessels in the nasal/eye area to dilate.If the circles are accompanied by symptoms such as swelling,congestion,or pain,see a physician.Undereye bags are actually small pouches of fat just under the skin. Fatigue can make both more obvious but logging extra hours of sleep cannot banish undereye bags and circles ,it can only alleviate the puffiness.Makeup coverage is the best way to conceal circles and bags; use a cream concealer a shade lighter than your foundation or try one in a blue tint–it casts shadows away from the face.
When Dracula the incredible hulk and the American werewolf made their appearances on the big screen with snarling teeth and panther eryes,the possibilities of colored cosmetic lenses were only dimly recognized.But now ,as fashion begins to make its impact on the way me dress,the way we accessories and co-ordinate our clot hings ,it’s trendy to enhance our looks. Coloured cosmetic lenses are here to stay,whether in dramas or as a part of fashion.But,before you make that transformation from a black eyed bombshell,get to know more about what’s in store.Here are excerpts of an interview with Mr HARRY LEE of Oculus Contact Lens who had kindly consented to share his knowledge of coloured cosmetic lenses with us.
Q:What is the difference between a coloured cosmetic lens and an
ordinary contact lens?
The difference lies in the colouring,one is coloured and the other
is clear.There are two colour processors.Colour is either incorporated
betweentwo layers of clear lens materials or is tinted onto the lens
itself with coloured dyes.These coloure dyes have been approved bx
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
