Back pain is a symptom of injury of bones, muscles or spinal nerves. the abdominal disorders like appendicitis, bladder infections, kidney infections, ovarian disorders can cause back pain.back pain is commonly seen in pregnant women’s. it is due to the stretching of ligaments with in the pelvic regions. the common back pain treatments are described below lying on your back with a pillow under the knees. exercises are very effective to reduce back pain ibuprofen can be used to reduce back pain prolonged bed rest can cure the back pain in order to avoid back pain you should follow a healthy life style. select suitable exercise, avoid high impact activities. the exercises such as swimming, cycling , walking etc can reduce back pain.
TSS is a very rare disease ,but it is very serious. it is due to the tampon use. in rare cases tampon has been fatal. TSS syndrome can be seen in men, children and women who are not menstruating. the disease is caused by staphylococcus bacterium. the disease is commonly affects different body portions like skin, vagina, nose etc. the common symptoms of tss are vomiting, fever, muscle ache, diarrhea, rashes on skin, fainting, dizziness etc. woman’s who are suffering with these disease , while wearing a tampon, immediately remove tampon and consult your doctor for treatment. before using a tampon , should read the instructions given in the leaflet. the tampon use risk can be avoid by using pads.
body hygiene
body odor can by reduced by
daily bath
daily change the clothe
use deodorant
genital hygiene
in males-daily wash penis, groin and scrotum, pull the foreskin back and clean the head of penis
in females- daily wash the external genital area
Headache is a symptom of various disorders. medically headache is known by the name cephalalgia. headache is due to the changes in the pain sensitive portions in the head.brain is not sensitive to any pain , but some part of head is sensitive to pain.the pain sensitive structures are mainly classified into to two organs inside the cranium and outside cranium. the severe headache are known by the name thunderclap headache. various diseases can cause headache . important among them are described below. meningitis, encephalitis, brain tumor, influenza, temporal arteries, lyme disease, sinusitis, mononucleosis, glaucoma,mononucleosis, severe hypertension,hashimoto’s thyroiditis,rubella, strep throat, small pox, common cold,mumps, lassa fever etc.
most of the head ache are harmless these are primary headache. some headache are more severe, which is the indication of some serious diseases. these headache treated as secondary. it is very difficult to differentiate primary and secondary headache. neuro imaging technique are used to differentiate these two.
for treatment we can use paracetamol, aspirin, diclofenac etc.
vaccine is used to produce immunity to various diseases. vaccines can effectively prevent the infection by the pathogens like viruses, bacteria etc. most commonly used vaccines are influenza vaccine , chicken pox vaccine,
hpv vaccine etc. by taking vaccines at correct time we can easily prevent the infectious diseases. simply we can say vaccine is inactivated pathogen. the term vaccine first used by Edward Jenner in 1796. vaccination is the method in which develop artificial immunity in body. immunization means stimulating the immunity power of body by using inactivated pathogens. vaccines for aids, alzhemers disease and cancer will produced near future. louis pasteur discovered the first vaccine against rabies virus.
different types of vaccinations are used now a days. pathogens are cultured in cultural medium and then killed by using formaldehyde, then apply to body. the second method, the living virus particles are injected into the body in very low virulence. in third method virus proteins are injected into the body.
Bacterial is a unicellular orgainzm catergorized under kingdom protista. with the help of microscope you can see varies types of bacterias like rods, balls or spirals. most of them are not cause any disease in human beings. only 1% of them are harmful. when bacterial enter into the body, it reproduce very fastly . and they produces chemicals known by the name toxins., which may cause damage to tissue.
The disease causing bacterias including staphylococcus, streptococcus and e coli etc. for preventing bacterial infections we use antibiotics. when you take treatment with antibiotics you should follow the directions very carefully. if you follow wrong instructions , bacteria in your body will resist the antibiotics. after this antibiotics cannot cure infections.antibiotics are classified into two, bacteriacidal and bacteriostatic. the first one kill bacteria and the second one prevent the growth of bacteria. the antibiotics such as tetracyclins and chlorophenicol inhibit the ribosome of bacteria. anitibiotics are used for the treatment both in humans and animals. for preventing bacterial infections we always sterilize our skin before taking an injection. the surgical instruments are sterilized with antibiotics to prevent bacterial infections. most of the bacterias are killed if the cooking temperature is greater than 73 degree celcius.
fever is also known by the name pyrexia. the characterized symbol of fever is elevation of body temperature from the normal level(98 F). fever is an immune response of body, to overcome the viral or bacterial infections.fevers are of different types, intermittent fever- the presence of elevated temperature only for one or two hours in a day. after that the temperature become normal. this type of fever appears periodically.Remittant fever- the high body body temperature remains throughout the day but the temperature varies more than 1 degree celcius. continuous fever- the body temperature remains high throughout the day but it doesn’t vary more than 1 degree celcius. fever is a symptom of varies diseases both in humans and animals. for measuring your body temperature different types of equipments are available.
The most commonly used is mercury thermometers. fever in severe cases may cause brain damage(above 108 F). almost all types of infections results in fever. the most common among them are urianay infections, respiratory disorders, bacterial gastroenterities and viral gastroenterities, pneumonia, appendicitis, skin infections, meningitis, tuburculosis etc. the inflamatory disorders such as rhematoid arthritis, systamic lupus erythematosus, vasculitis etc are also cause fever. the primary symptom of cancer is fever. the medicines such as acetominophen, ibuprofen etc are used to reduce fever in adults and children .
Fever diet
you should take plenty of water and fluid foods during fever time, avoid the apple juices and sports drinks as much as possible. take medicines according to your doctor advice.
malaria is caused by parasite namely plasmodium falciparum, plasmadium vivax, plasmodium ovale, plasmodium malariae etc. malaria is a fatal disease , but we can easly prevent malaria. malaria is a common disease among world wide. every year about 500 million cases of malaria reported and about 1 million people die due to malaria.
malaria is commonly seen in the warmer countries, that is the countries lieing in tropical regions.
this is due to the fact that the female anopheles mosquito can easily survive in this climatic situations. the females anopheles acts as a vector to the malaria parasite.the parasite complete its growth cycle inside the female anopheles before transmitting into the human body. the malarial worm enter into the human body through mosquito bite, the fact is that only female anopheles mosqito can spread malaria. malaria worm cannot transmitted from person to person through the infections like cold or flu etc.
It is an infection caused by Ancylostoma or Necator.Ancylostoma duodenale and necator americanus are the main nematodes causing hookworm infection in humans. he adult worm resides in the small intestine .In intestine they live in the jejunum where they get attached to the villi.The male worms are of 10 mm in length and the females vary from 10 to 13 mm in length.The eggs of these worms are passed in the faeces in thousands. One female ancylostoma duodenale produces about 30,000 eggs and female necator americanus produces about 9000 eggs per day. The production of eggs ensures the prominent exposure to the infection.The eggs which are passed out with the faeces are not infective to man.The eggs hatch in to the form of rhabditiform larvae under favourable conditions.These larvae develop in to filiform larvae.These filiform larvae are infective to man. The soil contaminated with infective larvae are the prominent source of infection.The mode of infection is like that the filiform larvae cast off their sheaths and then they penetrate the skin of the human host.The oral spears found in the the anterior lobe help these worms to penetrate thesoft skinof the feet and hands through hair follicles.The incubation period for necator americanus is 7 weeks and for ancylostoma duodenale ranges from 5 weeks to 9 months.The main symptoms include severe anaema.In children with very prominent infection it may lead to retardation of mental and physical growth.Some toxins secreted from the worms head region causes stomachache , food fermentation, diarrhea, constipation
Diabetes mellitus is a disease caused due to the excessive quantities of the sugar content in the blood and its excretion in the urine.The excessive elimination of the urine (up to 30 to 40 litres per day) is the characteristic feature of another disease known as diabetes insipidus.The urine eliminating due to diabetes insipidus doesnot contain sugar content at any amount.The disturbance in the posterior end of the pituitary gland causes diabetes insipidus where as the diabetes mellitus is associated with the non proper functioning of the islets of langerhans an endocrine gland in the pancreas. The insulin hormone is secreted by the islets of langerhans.The symptoms of diabetes include excessive urination , the very increase frequency in the urination process , loss of weight , excessive apetite , general weakness and excessive thirst.The diabetes patient drinks large quantity of water as he feels thirsty.The high level of blood sugar level is the first obvious sign of diabetes. Another sign of the diabetes patient is the high sugar content in the urine.The treatment of diabetes include the injection of insulin in the body at proper intervals.The injection of insulin is not actually a cure but it is a method used for the control of diabetes. Drugs namely tolbutamide and daonil can be taken orally for the control of this disease . for the comfortable life of a diabetic patient the two precautions to be taken are administration of insulin and weekly analysis of urine.The amount of insulin depends the health of diabetic patient.
The filarial worms are the parasitic worms which causes filariasis.This disease is caused by the worm Wuchereria bancrofti or filarial bancrofti.The adult worm dwells in the lymphatic vessels and lymph glands .The body of the parasite is thread like tapering anteriorly with swollen front end.The pharynx of the parasite is muscular anteriorily and glandular posteriorily and these worms have no lips.The female is 10 cm long and.25 mm thick in diameter.The tail of the mail is coiled like a tendril with many papillae and with one long and short spicule.The female give birth to the microfilariae which are enclosed within a delicate sheath.These microfilariae is passed in to the blood vessels from thelymphatic system.The development of the microfilrae occurs as the blood is sucked by the mosquito which serves as an intermediate host.When this infected mosquito bites the man the larvae creeps out of the labium on to the human skin and after their moulting they resides as adults in the human lymphatic system.The incubation period ranges from the time interval from the attack of the infective larvae to the clinical manifestation.this incubation period is 16 months and can be longer also.The accumulation of this wuchereria may block the lymphatic system and this may cause the inflammation of the lymph glands.the blockage of the lymph vessels may also lead to elephantiasis .The prevention method includes chemotherapy.The protection from mosquito bites may also prevent filarial infection.The effective drug for the treatment of filariasis is diethylcaramzine used for chemotherapy
